# SMO: Compiling Natural Language Skills into Graphs of Reusable State-Move-Outcome Bricks

**Authors:** Chao Chen, Jiashuo Zhang, Yunhang Shen, Liangyu Lian, Rongrong Ji  
**Published:** 9 Nov 2026  
**Links:** [arXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.12041) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2611.12041) · [This page](https://omen-bit.github.io/ai-paper-daily/paper/2611.12041.html)

## Key numbers

- **59.3×**: reducing the corresponding skill representations from 366,472 to 149,154 tokens--a 59.3× reduction and 2.46× compression
- **2.46×**: reducing the corresponding skill representations from 366,472 to 149,154 tokens--a 59.3× reduction and 2.46× compression
- **38.38%**: It also reduces average runtime token consumption by 38.38%

## Abstract

Large language model agents increasingly rely on reusable natural-language skills, yet growing skill collections remain accumulations of isolated text artifacts that are difficult to compare, deduplicate, and compose. We argue that the reusable content of a skill lies not in its surface wording but in its procedural transitions: which operation to execute under a given state and which observable outcome to produce. Based on this observation, we propose State-Move-Outcome (SMO), a compilation-like framework that decomposes raw skills into reusable procedural bricks and organizes admitted bricks as an externalized symbolic structure. When compiling a skill, SMO first retrieves and composes existing bricks, dynamically connects them through Outcome-to-State conditions, and creates a candidate brick only for an uncovered procedure; the candidate becomes reusable only after validation and admission. Experiments on SkillsBench v1.1 demonstrate that SMO represents 232 rawSkills from 87 underlying tasks with 95 shared bricks, reducing the corresponding skill representations from 366,472 to 149,154 tokens--a 59.3× reduction and 2.46× compression. Across 232 skill-conditioned evaluation instances, SMO raises the average task score from 0.6379 to 0.7478 and increases 5/5 Pass instances from 138 to 164, while matching or outperforming rawSkill on 208 of 232 instances. It also reduces average runtime token consumption by 38.38%. These results show that compiling natural-language skills into shared procedural units can jointly improve skill reuse, representation efficiency, and downstream execution.

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